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biosorption 4

N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) 2

NO_x 2

air pollution control 2

cadmium (Cd) 2

decolorization 2

(-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) 1

16S rRNA 1

2 1

2-acetylpyrazine 1

5-(difluoromethoxy)-2-mercapto-1H-benzimidazole (DMB) 1

6-dinitro-p-cresol (DNPC) 1

cyp17a1 1

?-caprolactam 1

?-caprolactone 1

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Aeromonas hydrophila DN322p 1

Agaricus bisporus 1

Artemisia annua 1

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Assessment of toxicity of two nitroaromatic compounds in the freshwater fish

Hongyan SHEN, Jixi GAO, Jinsheng WANG

Frontiers of Environmental Science & Engineering 2012, Volume 6, Issue 4, Pages 518-523 doi: 10.1007/s11783-012-0427-6

Abstract: This study was conducted to evaluate the toxicological response of -nitrotoluene and -nitroaniline to the key fish species, . A freshwater fish bioassay based on the 96 h was used to estimate the single and joint toxicity of the two chemicals. The toxicity of -nitrotoluene was greater than that of -nitroaniline based on 96 h values of 40.74 mg·L and 48.99 mg·L , respectively. Both compounds had moderate toxicity toward , and this toxicity increased with the exposure duration and concentration. Binary mixtures of the compounds were more toxic than the individual compounds at 96 h, and they acted upon partial addition. When the exposure time was longer, the toxicity increased for mixtures of compounds with the same concentration or toxicity. The results of this study suggest that exposure to a combination of these chemicals would result in a higher environmental risk in aquatic systems than exposure to either compound alone. Further research is needed to investigate the combined effects and sublethal toxicity of -nitrotoluene and -nitroaniline, since they are both still used in China.

Keywords： joint toxicity <italic>Cyprinus carpioitalic> <italic>LCitalic>₅₀ <italic>pitalic>-nitrotoluene <italic>pitalic>-nitroaniline toxic unit

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The <italic>rpoSitalic> deficiency suppresses acetate accumulation in glucose-enriched culture of <italic>Escherichia coliitalic> under an aerobic condition

Prayoga SURYADARMA, Yoshihiro OJIMA, Yuto FUKUDA, Naohiro AKAMATSU, Masahito TAYA

Frontiers of Chemical Science and Engineering 2012, Volume 6, Issue 2, Pages 152-157 doi: 10.1007/s11705-012-1287-0

Abstract: The role of on the central carbon metabolism was investigated through analyzing the deficiency of this regulon gene under aerobic and glucose-enriched culture conditions. The experimental results showed that while the wild type cells exhibited an overflow metabolism effect, the -deleting mutation alleviated this effect with the significant suppression of acetate accumulation under a high glucose condition. This gene deletion also induced the twofold upregulation of and one-tenth downregulation of , respectively. The overflow metabolism effect was confirmed to be recovered by re-introducing gene into the mutant. These results demonstrated changed the central carbon metabolism toward acetate overflow through dehydrogenation of pyruvate and reduction of TCA cycle activity.

Keywords： <italic>Escherichia coliitalic> <italic>rpoSitalic> aerobic and glucose-enriched culture overflow

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Synthesis of depsipeptides from

Hongfei CAO, Yakai FENG, Heyun WANG, Li ZHANG, Musammir KHAN, Jintang GUO

Frontiers of Chemical Science and Engineering 2011, Volume 5, Issue 4, Pages 409-415 doi: 10.1007/s11705-011-1141-9

Abstract: By using the corresponding -amino acid sodium as initiator, -caprolactone-depsipeptides CL-Ala and CL-Leu were prepared by the reactions of -caprolactone (CL) with -alanine and -leucine, respectively, and -dioxanone-depsipeptide (PDO-Leu) was prepared by the reaction of -dioxanone (PDO) with -leucine. Two poly( -caprolactone) oligomers (PCL-Ala and PCL-Leu) of different molecular weights with depsipeptide unit were synthesized by controlling the feed ratio of -amino acid sodium and CL. The presence of the depsipeptide structure in these obtained products was confirmed by H NMR spectra and the molecular weight of the poly( -caprolactone) oligomers was measured by gel permeation chromatography (GPC). These products contain a hydroxyl group and a carboxyl group in one molecule, which means they could act as bifunctional monomers for further polymerization to prepare high molecular weight polymers. By this way, the depsipeptide unit could be introduced into the polymers and the biodegradation rates of the novel polymers could be well controlled in vivo by the tailored molecular structures.

Keywords： <italic>?italic>-caprolactone <italic>pitalic>-dioxanone <italic>Litalic>-alanine <italic>Litalic>-leucine

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Investigations on color variations of <italic>Morpho rhetenoritalic> butterfly wing scales

Guanglan LIAO, Haibo ZUO, Xuan JIANG, Xuefeng YANG, Tielin SHI

Frontiers of Mechanical Engineering 2012, Volume 7, Issue 4, Pages 394-400 doi: 10.1007/s11465-012-0347-y

Abstract:

Experiments and simulations are carried out to investigate the optical properties of butterfly wing scales. The upper surface of a male butterfly wing presents a single-layer of scales, the microstructures of which are responsible for the brilliant blue color. The color varies from cyan blue to yellow green and soon afterwards returns back to cyan blue when some ethanol is dropped on the upper surface. At the start of the ethanol volatilization process, the reflection spectrum remains stable. As the ethanol further volatilizes, the peak reflectance decreases slightly, then increases dramatically. Meanwhile, the peak wavelength keeps approximately constant, then decreases, and keeps almost stable at the end of the process. Therefore, the optical properties depend strongly on the varying ambient conditions, including the refractive index and the thickness of the packing medium. Moreover, the possible causes for the scales in dark green region after several dropping ethanol experiments are clarified. This research benefits our understanding of the color variation mechanisms of the wing scales, and provides inspiration for further studies and applications.

Keywords： <italic>Morpho rhetenoritalic> microstructures color variations ambient medium

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Administration with

Qi RUI, Qin LU, Dayong WANG

Frontiers of Medicine 2009, Volume 3, Issue 1, Pages 76-90 doi: 10.1007/s11684-009-0002-0

Abstract: During normal metabolism, oxidative byproducts will inevitably generate and damage molecules thereby impairing their biological functions, including the aging process. (补肾抗衰方, ) is a traditional Chinese medicine widely used for clinically treating premature ovarian failure. In the present study, administration at high concentrations significantly increased lifespan, slowed aging-related decline, and delayed accumulation of aging-related cellular damage in wild-type . administration could further largely alleviate the aging defects induced by UV and oxidative stresses, and administration at different concentrations could largely rescue the aging defects in mutant animals. The protective effects of administration on aging process were at least partially dependent on the Ins/IGF-like signaling pathway. Moreover, administration at different concentrations obviously altered the expression patterns of antioxidant genes and suppressed the severe stress responses induced by UV and oxidative stresses, suggesting that -induced tolerance to UV or oxidative stress might result from reactive oxygen species scavenging. administration during development was not necessarily a requirement for UV and oxidative stress resistance, and the concentrations of administrated examined were not toxic for nematodes. Therefore, administration could effectively retrieve the aging defects induced by UV irradiation and oxidative stress in .

Keywords： <italic>Bushenkangshuai Tangitalic> UV irradiation oxidative stress tissue senescence lifespan <italic>Caenorhabditis elegansitalic>

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Mutagenesis and selective breeding of a high producing

Tian WANG, Shiru JIA, Zhilei TAN, Yujie DAI, Shuai SONG, Guoliang WANG

Frontiers of Chemical Science and Engineering 2012, Volume 6, Issue 2, Pages 179-183 doi: 10.1007/s11705-012-1273-6

Abstract: -Poly- -lysine ( -PL) is an -lysine linear homopolymer, which is produced by bacteria belonging to the family and by ergot fungi. However, the production of -PL by the wild bacteria strain is very low, which limits its utilization. In most bacteria including the genus, -lysine is a precursor of -PL and is biosynthesized by the -aspartate pathway. Aspartokinase (Ask) is the first key enzyme in this pathway and is subject to complex regulation such as the feedback inhibition by the end product amino acids. In addition, phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase is feedback-regulated by -aspartate. To reduce these feedback inhibitions and to improve -PL productivity, resistant mutants were produced using sulfaguanidine (SG) + glycine+ -lysine+ -3-hydroxynorvaline (AHV) as selective markers. Using the interaction between -PL and the charged dye in the solid culture medium, hundreds of colonies were simultaneously screened in a quick and effective manner. Finally, one -PL-producing strain, L9, was selected. The productivity of this strain during flask fermentation was 0.77 g/L, which was 15% higher than that of the original strain. Moreover, its fermentation performance and genetic characteristics were very stable.

Keywords： <italic>?italic>-poly-<italic>Litalic>-lysine plasma AHV <italic>Streptomyces diastatochromogenesitalic>

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Biosorption of Cd

Fengyu ZAN, Shouliang HUO, Beidou XI, Xiulan ZHAO

Frontiers of Environmental Science & Engineering 2012, Volume 6, Issue 1, Pages 51-58 doi: 10.1007/s11783-011-0206-9

Abstract: The biosorption of Cd and Cu onto the immobilized ( ) was investigated in this study. Adsorption kinetics, isotherms and the effect of pH were studied. The results indicated that the biosorption of Cd and Cu on the immobilized was fast at initial stage and then became slow. The maximum biosorption of heavy metal ions on immobilized were observed at pH 4 for Cd and Cu . by the pseudo-second-order model described the sorption kinetic data well according to the high correlation coefficient ( ) obtained. The biosorption isotherm was fitted well by the Langmuir model, indicating possible mono-layer biosorption of Cd and Cu on the immobilized . Moreover, the immobilized after the sorption of Cd and Cu could be regenerated and reused.

Keywords： <italic>Saccharomyces cerevisiaeitalic> (<italic>S. cerevisiaeitalic>) biosorption heavy metals immobilization

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What can be taught in architectural design? —

Xing RUAN

Frontiers of Structural and Civil Engineering 2010, Volume 4, Issue 4, Pages 450-455 doi: 10.1007/s11709-010-0098-y

Abstract: This essay begins with a reflection on what has been taught in architectural design since the turn of the twentieth century. I shall trace back to the two disciplinary foundations of the French école des Beaux-Arts – and – in the education of an architect in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. I shall then attempt to superimpose and on a modern disciplinary framework, say that of mathematics, which leads to musings on a series of architectural problems that include pattern versus type, stability versus mobility, orthogonal versus oblique, confinement versus transparency, and aging versus metallic sheen. These paradoxes, I suggest, demand the education of an architect to address both the instrumental pattern of a building configuration and the ambient felt qualities of a room, rather than vision alone.

Keywords： architectural design teaching <italic>partiitalic> and <italic>pochéitalic>

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Highly effective extraction of oil from soybean by pretreatment of solid-state fermentation with fungi

Xiaojuan NIU, Shuyi QIU, Yuangen WU, Jie YUAN, Yingying XU

Frontiers of Chemical Science and Engineering 2011, Volume 5, Issue 1, Pages 122-125 doi: 10.1007/s11705-010-0533-6

Abstract: The solid-state prefermentation by (CICC 2377) and (CICC 40536) was employed to increase the oil extraction yield from soybean. The influence of incubation time on oil yield was investigated. The maximum oil yield extracted from the substrate prefermented by for 96 h was 23%, which increased by 47.4% compared with control (15.6%). In the same fermentation conditions, the maximum oil yield extracted from substrate prefermented by was 21.6%, which increased by 38.5% compared with control (15.6%). The quality of soybean oil was not changed obviously by the pretreatment of fermentation with fungi.

Keywords： soybean <italic>Aspergillus nigeritalic> <italic>Aspergillus flavusitalic> solid-state fermentation

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Spatial and seasonal variations in bacterial communities of the Yellow Sea by T-RFLP analysis

Hongyuan WANG, Xiaolu JIANG, Ya HE, Huashi GUAN

Frontiers of Environmental Science & Engineering 2009, Volume 3, Issue 2, Pages 194-199 doi: 10.1007/s11783-009-0018-3

Abstract: Four typical coastal sites (rocky shore, sandy shore, mud flat shore, and artificial harbor) at the Yellow Sea were chosen to investigate the spatial and seasonal variations in bacterial communities. This was accomplished by using terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism (T-RFLP) analysis of PCR amplified 16S rDNA fragments. Two kinds of tetrameric restriction enzymes, I and I, were used in the experiment to depict the bacterial community diversity in different marine environments. It was found that the community compositions digested by the two enzymes separately were different. However, the results of bacterial community diversity derived from them were similar. The MDA analysis results of T-RFLP profiles coming from I and I both exhibited a significant seasonal community shift for bacteria and a relatively low spatial variation among the four locations. With I as the sample, the pair wise -tests also revealed that variations were minor between each pair of marine environments, with ranging from 0.198 to 0.349. However, the bacterial community structure in the mud flat site depicted a larger difference than each of the other three sites ( ranging from 0.282 to 0.349).

Keywords： restriction fragment length polymorphism (T-RFLP) bacterial community structure marine microbial diversity <italic>Hhaitalic>I <italic>Mspitalic>I

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Current treatment strategy of acute promyelocytic leukemia

Jianqing Mi

Frontiers of Medicine 2011, Volume 5, Issue 4, Pages 341-347 doi: 10.1007/s11684-011-0169-z

Abstract: Acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL) is a unique subtype of acute myeloid leukemia (AML). The prognosis of APL has changed from the worst among the AMLs to currently the best. The application of all- retinoic acid (ATRA) in the induction therapy of APL decreases the high mortality of newly diagnosed patients, thereby significantly improving the response rate. ATRA combined with anthracycline-based chemotherapy is the current standard treatment, and for high-risk patients, high doses cytarabine have a beneficial effect on relapse prevention. In recent years, the indications of arsenic trioxide (ATO) therapy for APL have been extended from the salvage therapy for relapse patients to the first-line treatment of APL. The introduction of both ATRA and ATO represents great achievements in translational medicine. In this review article, we discuss the therapeutic strategies for this disease, including the initial approaches to newly diagnosed patients, prevention, and treatment of side effects and relapse to ensure the best and timely treatment for each newly diagnosed APL patient.

Keywords： acute promyelocytic leukemia all-<italic>transitalic> retinoic acid arsenic trioxide

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Purification of

Y. LIU, M. PIETZSCH, J. ULRICH

Frontiers of Chemical Science and Engineering 2013, Volume 7, Issue 1, Pages 37-42 doi: 10.1007/s11705-013-1303-z

Abstract: Here a case study of -asparaginase II out of a recombinant is presented. The target protein was obtained by simple cell disintegration and acetone precipitation. The -asparaginase II has been crystallized in three different forms in the following microbatch crystallization. The rod-shaped crystals (~400 μm edge length) were obtained at either 8°C or 22°C after 17 h by addition of PEG . The rectangular-shaped crystals were obtained after further recrystallization of the rod-shaped crystals. The rhombic-shaped crystals formed at 8°C after 12 days when cold ethanol was used instead of PEG . All crystallizations were performed in tris-acetate buffer (50 mmol·L , pH 5.1). By crystallization, the specific activity of -asparaginase II has increased 5-fold. The protein content and the purity of the crystals were evaluated by sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE). The more concentrated -asparaginase II out of an extract mixture and the presence of only less minor proteins after crystallization demonstrates that crystallization is an effective and mild method to purify the target protein. The single crystal X-ray diffraction pattern reveals that the crystals are proteins and the X-ray powder diffraction (XRPD) pattern shows clearly that the crystals forming in PEG and ethanol have different crystal structures.

Keywords： protein crystallization <italic>Litalic>-asparaginase II purification

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Study on a green synthesis of

Aixin WANG, Yuanbin SHE, Jing FAN

Frontiers of Chemical Science and Engineering 2009, Volume 3, Issue 2, Pages 219-221 doi: 10.1007/s11705-009-0058-z

Abstract: A novel method for the synthesis of -oxo-bis[tetraarylporphyrinatoiron] ([TRPPFe] O) based on the reaction between tetraarylporphyrinironchloride (TRPPFeCl) and H O in toluene was investigated in this paper. Three kinds of [TRPPFe] O were synthesized by this novel synthetic method, and their structures were characterized by elemental analysis, IR spectra and UV-Vis spectroscopy.

Keywords： <italic>μitalic>-oxo-bis[tetraarylphenylporphinatoiron] green synthesis water

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Toxic effects of enrofloxacin on

Hongwei QIN, Liufang CHEN, Nan LU, Yahui ZHAO, Xing YUAN

Frontiers of Environmental Science & Engineering 2012, Volume 6, Issue 1, Pages 107-116 doi: 10.1007/s11783-011-0327-1

Abstract: In this article, the toxic effects of Enrofloxacin (ENFX) on were studied, through investigating the growth, photosynthetic pigments, and protein contents. The possible toxic mechanisms of ENFX were analyzed by determining the superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity, malondialdehyde (MDA) content, proline content, and superoxide anion ( ) generation rate. Results showed that the growth of algae was inhibited by ENFX and the 50% effective concentration (EC ) values for 24, 48, 72, and 96 h of ENFX were 88.39, 63.86, 45.10, and 59.16 mg·L , respectively. After treated with ENFX for 96 h, the contents of photosynthetic pigments decreased with the increase of ENFX concentration, the content of soluble protein and the activity of SOD increased and then decreased, and the generation rate of superoxide anion ( ) increased continually. The contents of MDA and proline changed little in lower ENFX concentration groups, but increased rapidly when treated with higher concentration groups. These results suggested that ENFX affected the growth of , and the main toxicity mechanism was that algal cells generated the reactive oxygen species under ENFX stress, and then the reactive oxygen species (ROS) induced the oxidation damages of biologic macromolecules and changed the biomembrane permeability further.

Keywords： enrofloxacin <italic>Scenedesmus obliquusitalic> toxic effects

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Protecting traditional knowledge of Chinese medicine: concepts and proposals

Changhua Liu, Man Gu

Frontiers of Medicine 2011, Volume 5, Issue 2, Pages 212-218 doi: 10.1007/s11684-011-0142-x

Abstract: With the development of the knowledge economy, knowledge has become one of the most important resources for social progress and economic development. Some countries have proposed measures for the protection of their own traditional knowledge. Traditional Chinese medicine belongs to the category of intangible cultural heritage because it is an important part of Chinese cultural heritage. Today the value of traditional knowledge of Chinese medicine has been widely recognized by the domestic and international public. This paper discusses the definition of traditional knowledge of Chinese medicine and its protection, and evaluates research on its classification. We review the present status of the protection of traditional knowledge of Chinese medicine and tentatively put forward some possible ideas and methods for the protection of traditional knowledge of Chinese medicine. Our goal is to find a way to strengthen the vitality of traditional Chinese medicine and consolidate its foundation. We believe that if we could establish a suitable ( is a Latin term meaning “of its own kind” and is often used in discussions about protecting the rights of indigenous peoples. Here we use it to emphasize the fact that protection of traditional knowledge of Chinese medicine cannot be achieved through existing legal means of protection alone due to its unique characteristics) system for traditional knowledge, a more favorable environment for the preservation and development of traditional Chinese medicine will ultimately be created.

Keywords： protection of traditional knowledge traditional Chinese medicine intellectual property <italic>sui generisitalic> system

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Title Author Date Type Operation

Assessment of toxicity of two nitroaromatic compounds in the freshwater fish

Hongyan SHEN, Jixi GAO, Jinsheng WANG

Journal Article

The <italic>rpoSitalic> deficiency suppresses acetate accumulation in glucose-enriched culture of <italic>Escherichia coliitalic> under an aerobic condition

Prayoga SURYADARMA, Yoshihiro OJIMA, Yuto FUKUDA, Naohiro AKAMATSU, Masahito TAYA

Journal Article

Synthesis of depsipeptides from

Hongfei CAO, Yakai FENG, Heyun WANG, Li ZHANG, Musammir KHAN, Jintang GUO

Journal Article

Investigations on color variations of <italic>Morpho rhetenoritalic> butterfly wing scales

Guanglan LIAO, Haibo ZUO, Xuan JIANG, Xuefeng YANG, Tielin SHI

Journal Article

Administration with

Qi RUI, Qin LU, Dayong WANG

Journal Article

Mutagenesis and selective breeding of a high producing